This article will describe the different parts of a CNC machine. Some parts are common between lathes and mills, like the control unit, driving system, and feedback system, while others are specific to a certain type of machine. For example, tailstocks and headstocks are only found on CNC lathes. 

1. Input Device

The “input device” for a CNC machine is the means by which CNC programs are loaded into the machine. This input device could be the keyboard (to directly input G-code commands), a USB flash drive (to transport a completed program from another computer), or wireless communication (if the program is to be downloaded from another computer using the local network). 

2. Machine Control Unit (MCU)

The MCU (machine control unit) is the set of electronic hardware and software that reads the G-code supplied by the input device, and translates it into instructions that can be executed by the tool drivers to perform the desired machining actions.  It is one of the most important CNC machine components. The MCU interprets the G-code coordinates into movements carried out by servo motors along the various machine axes. It also interprets information from feedback sensors to ensure that the tool is in the expected position after the movement is completed. The MCU also controls tool changers and coolant activation as specified by the G-code.